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Biblia-zbior ksiag religijnych judaizmu i chrzescijanstwa


Biblia czyli Pismo Swiete Starego i Nowego Testamentu, to zbior ksiag religijnych judaizmu i chrzescijanstwa. Biblia powstawala w ciagu wiekow i przyjmuje sie, ze najstarsze teksty Starego Testamentu powstaly w XIII w. p.n.e. a najmlodsze pochodza z w. I p.n.e. Ksiegi Nowego Testamentu umieszcza sie przedziale od 51 do 96 r. po narodzeniu Chrystusa.

Biblia zajmuje niezwykle miejsce w kulturze swiata stajac sie zrodlem kultury europejskiej.

W sferze moralnej przyjeto powszechnie uznawac prezentowane w niej przykazania dekalogu za podstawe stosunkow miedzyludzkich.

W sferze kulturowej stala sie inspiracja dla literatury, rzezby, malarstwa i muzyki; skarbcem wzorow osobowych i postaw, fabul, watkow i motywow, metaforyki i stylistyki. Dzielo powszechnie znane, interpretowane i wykorzystywane stanowi wspolny repertuar srodkow wyrazowych, ktore poprzez literature weszly do jezyka potocznego. Przeklady

Najdawniejszym tlumaczeniem Starego Testamentu pochodzacym z III-II w. p.n.e. jest Septuaginta, czyli tlumaczenie "siedemdziesieciu". Byl to przeklad na j. grecki sporzadzony w Aleksandrii dla Zydow nie wladajacych innym jezykiem.

Pelnego przekladu Biblii na j. lacinski, zwanego Wulgata, dokonano na przelomie IV i V w. n.e. Przypisuje sie go sw. Hieronimowi. Sobor trydencki obradujacy w XVI w. uznal ten przeklad za tekst obowiazujacy w kosciele rzymsko-katolickim.

Na jezyki narodowe tlumaczono Pismo swiete juz w wiekach srednich. Z doby tej dochowaly sie dwa pelne tlumaczenia najpiekniejszej ksiegi, Psalterza: "Psalterz florianski" z konca w. XIV i "Psalterz pulawski", najprawdopodobniej z poczatku w. XVI.

Istnialo tez tlumaczenie Biblii z wieku XV noszace nazwe Biblii krolowej Zofii lub szaroszpatackiej.

Prawdziwy renesans przekladow Pisma sw. zaczal sie w XVI w., co przede wszystkim bylo zwiazane z reformacja.

Do najwybitniejszych tlumaczen psalmow Dawida naleza: * przeklad calosci proza Mikolaja Reja znany z wydania w r. 1555, zapewne nie pierwszego
* niezwykle piekne tlumaczenie wierszem Jana Kochanowskiego, ktore po ukazaniu sie w 1580 r. "Melodii na Psalterz polski" Mikolaja Gomolki, na trwale zagoscilo w kosciolach katolickich i protestanckich.

Z czasem siegnieto do Nowego Testamentu. Pierwsi zabrali sie do tego luteranie z Prus Wschodnich. W latach 1551-1553 pojawily sie, oglaszane czesciami, poczawszy od czterech Ewangelii, tlumaczenia Jana Murzynowskiego.

Pierwsze calkowite anonimowe tlumaczenie calego Nowego Testamentu wyszlo w 1556 r. u Szarffenberga w Krakowie.

Wreszcie podjeto trud tlumaczenia calej Biblii, ktorego efektem staly sie przeklady: � katolicki, tj. Biblia Jana Leopolity (1561), � kalwinski, Biblia brzeska, czyli radziwilowska (1563), � ariansko-socynianski, Biblia nieswieska, Szymona Budnego (1572).

Przelom wiekow XVI i XVII przyniosl pelne katolickie tlumaczenie Pisma sw. zwane Biblia Wujka (1599).O wadze tej pracy moze swiadczyc fakt, ze przeklad ten zastapiony zostal w liturgii Kosciola dopiero w okresie II Watykanskiego Soboru Biblia Tysiaclecia wydana w 1965.

The Book of Genesis

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Chapter 43



1: And the famine was sore in the land.

2: And it came to pass, when they had eaten up the corn which they had brought out of Egypt, their father said unto them, Go again, buy us a littlefood.

3: And Judah spake unto him, saying, The man did solemnly protest unto us, saying, Ye shall not see my face, except your brother be with you.

4: If thou wilt send our brother with us, we will go down and buy thee food:

5: But if thou wilt not send him, we will not go down: for the man said unto us, Yeshall not see my face, except your brother be with you.

6: And Israel said, Wherefore dealt ye so ill with me, as to tell the man whether ye had yet a brother?

7: And they said, The man asked us straitly of our state, and of our kindred, saying, Is your father yet alive? have ye another brother? and we told him according to the tenor of these words: couldwe certainly know that he would say, Bring your brother down?

8: And Judah said unto Israel his father, Send the lad with me, and we will arise and go; that we may live, and not die, both we, and thou, and also our little ones.

9: I will be surety for him; of my hand shalt thou require him: if I bring him not unto thee, and set him before thee, then let me bear the blame for ever:

10: For except we had lingered, surely now we had returned this second time.

11: And their father Israel said unto them, If it must be so now, do this; take of the best fruits in theland in your vessels, and carry down the man a present, a little balm, and a little honey, spices, and myrrh, nuts, and almonds:

12: And take double money in your hand; and the money that was brought again in the mouth of your sacks, carry it again in your hand; peradventure it was an oversight:

13: Take also your brother, and arise, go again unto the man:
14: And God Almighty give you mercy before the man, that he may send away your other brother, and Benjamin. If I be bereaved of my children, I am bereaved.

15: And the men took that present, and they took double money in their hand and Benjamin; and rose up, and went down to Egypt, andstood before Joseph.

16: And when Joseph saw Benjamin with them, he said to the ruler of his house, Bring these men home, and slay, and make ready; for these men shall dine with me at noon.

17: And the man did as Joseph bade; and the man brought the men into Joseph's house.

18: And the men were afraid, because they were brought into Joseph's house; and they said, Because of themoney that was returned in our sacks at the first time are we brought in; thathe may seek occasion against us, and fall upon us, and take us for bondmen, and our asses.

19: And they came near to the steward of Joseph's house, and they communed with him at thedoor of the house,

20: And said, O sir, we came indeed down at the first time to buy food:

21: And it came to pass, when we came to the inn, that we opened our sacks, and, behold, every man's money wasin the mouth of his sack, our money in full weight: and we have brought itagain in our hand.

22: And other money have we brought down in our hands to buy food: we cannot tellwho put our money in our sacks.

23: And he said, Peace be to you, fear not: your God, and the God of your father, hath given you treasure in your sacks: I had your money. And he brought Simeon out unto them.

24: And the man brought the men into Joseph's house, and gave them water, and they washed their feet; and he gave their asses provender.

25: And they made ready the present against Joseph came at noon: for they heard that they should eat breadthere.

26: And when Joseph came home, they brought him the present which was in their hand into the house, and bowed themselves to him to the earth.

27: And he asked them of their welfare, and said, Is your father well, the old man of whom ye spake? Is he yet alive?

28: And they answered, Thy servant our father is in good health, he is yet alive. And they bowed down their heads, and made obeisance.

29: And he lifted up his eyes, and saw his brother Benjamin, his mother's son, andsaid, Is this your younger brother, of whom ye spake unto me? And he said, God be gracious unto thee, my son.

30: And Joseph made haste; for his bowels did yearn upon his brother: and he sought where to weep; and he entered into his chamber, and wept there.

31: And he washed his face, and went out, and refrained himself, and said, Set on bread.

32: And they set on for him by himself, and for them by themselves, and for the Egyptians, which did eat with him, by themselves: because the Egyptians might not eat bread with the Hebrews; for that is an abomination unto the Egyptians.

33: And they sat before him, the firstborn according to his birthright, and the youngest according to his youth: and the men marveled one at another.

34: And he took and sent messes unto them from before him: but Benjamin's mess was fivetimes so much as any of theirs. And they drank, and were merry with him.
Genesis 44



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