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Biblia-zbior ksiag religijnych judaizmu i chrzescijanstwa

Biblia czyli Pismo Swiete Starego i Nowego Testamentu, to zbior ksiag religijnych judaizmu i chrzescijanstwa. Biblia powstawala w ciagu wiekow i przyjmuje sie, ze najstarsze teksty Starego Testamentu powstaly w XIII w. p.n.e. a najmlodsze pochodza z w. I p.n.e. Ksiegi Nowego Testamentu umieszcza sie przedziale od 51 do 96 r. po narodzeniu Chrystusa.

Biblia zajmuje niezwykle miejsce w kulturze swiata stajac sie zrodlem kultury europejskiej.

W sferze moralnej przyjeto powszechnie uznawac prezentowane w niej przykazania dekalogu za podstawe stosunkow miedzyludzkich.

W sferze kulturowej stala sie inspiracja dla literatury, rzezby, malarstwa i muzyki; skarbcem wzorow osobowych i postaw, fabul, watkow i motywow, metaforyki i stylistyki. Dzielo powszechnie znane, interpretowane i wykorzystywane stanowi wspolny repertuar srodkow wyrazowych, ktore poprzez literature weszly do jezyka potocznego. Przeklady

Najdawniejszym tlumaczeniem Starego Testamentu pochodzacym z III-II w. p.n.e. jest Septuaginta, czyli tlumaczenie "siedemdziesieciu". Byl to przeklad na j. grecki sporzadzony w Aleksandrii dla Zydow nie wladajacych innym jezykiem.

Pelnego przekladu Biblii na j. lacinski, zwanego Wulgata, dokonano na przelomie IV i V w. n.e. Przypisuje sie go sw. Hieronimowi. Sobor trydencki obradujacy w XVI w. uznal ten przeklad za tekst obowiazujacy w kosciele rzymsko-katolickim.

Na jezyki narodowe tlumaczono Pismo swiete juz w wiekach srednich. Z doby tej dochowaly sie dwa pelne tlumaczenia najpiekniejszej ksiegi, Psalterza: "Psalterz florianski" z konca w. XIV i "Psalterz pulawski", najprawdopodobniej z poczatku w. XVI.

Istnialo tez tlumaczenie Biblii z wieku XV noszace nazwe Biblii krolowej Zofii lub szaroszpatackiej.

Prawdziwy renesans przekladow Pisma sw. zaczal sie w XVI w., co przede wszystkim bylo zwiazane z reformacja.

Do najwybitniejszych tlumaczen psalmow Dawida naleza: * przeklad calosci proza Mikolaja Reja znany z wydania w r. 1555, zapewne nie pierwszego
* niezwykle piekne tlumaczenie wierszem Jana Kochanowskiego, ktore po ukazaniu sie w 1580 r. "Melodii na Psalterz polski" Mikolaja Gomolki, na trwale zagoscilo w kosciolach katolickich i protestanckich.

Z czasem siegnieto do Nowego Testamentu. Pierwsi zabrali sie do tego luteranie z Prus Wschodnich. W latach 1551-1553 pojawily sie, oglaszane czesciami, poczawszy od czterech Ewangelii, tlumaczenia Jana Murzynowskiego.

Pierwsze calkowite anonimowe tlumaczenie calego Nowego Testamentu wyszlo w 1556 r. u Szarffenberga w Krakowie.

Wreszcie podjeto trud tlumaczenia calej Biblii, ktorego efektem staly sie przeklady: � katolicki, tj. Biblia Jana Leopolity (1561), � kalwinski, Biblia brzeska, czyli radziwilowska (1563), � ariansko-socynianski, Biblia nieswieska, Szymona Budnego (1572).

Przelom wiekow XVI i XVII przyniosl pelne katolickie tlumaczenie Pisma sw. zwane Biblia Wujka (1599).O wadze tej pracy moze swiadczyc fakt, ze przeklad ten zastapiony zostal w liturgii Kosciola dopiero w okresie II Watykanskiego Soboru Biblia Tysiaclecia wydana w 1965.

Book Genesis 48

The Book of Genesis

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Chapter 49

1: And Jacob called unto his sons, and said, Gather yourselves together, that I maytell you that which shall befall you in the last days.

2: Gather yourselves together, and hear, ye sons of Jacob; and hearken unto Israel your father.

3: Reuben, thou art my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength, the excellency of dignity, and the excellency ofpower:

4: Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel; because thou wentest up to thy father's bed; thendefiledst thou it: he went up to my couch.

5: Simeon and Levi are brethren; instruments of cruelty are in their habitations.

6: O my soul, come not thou into their secret; unto their assembly, mine honor, be not thou united: for in their anger they slew a man, and in their self-will they digged down a wall.

7: Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel: I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel.

8: Judah, thou art he whom thy brethren shall praise: thy hand shall be in the neck of thine enemies; thy father's children shall bow down before thee.

9: Judah is a lion's whelp: from the prey, my son, thou art gone up: he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion; who shall rouse him up?

10: The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be.

11: Binding his foal unto the vine, and his ass's colt unto the choice vine; he washed his garments in wine, and his clothes inthe blood of grapes:

12: His eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth white with milk.

13: Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea; and he shall be for an haven of ships; and his border shall be unto Zidon.

14: Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two burdens:

15: And he saw that rest was good, and the land that it was pleasant; and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant unto tribute.

16: Dan shall judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel.

17: Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the path, that biteth the horse heels, so that his rider shall fall backward.

18: I have waited for thy salvation, O LORD.

19: Gad, a troop shall overcome him: but he shall overcome at the last.

20: Out of Asher his bread shall be fat, and he shall yield royal dainties.

21: Naphtali is a hind let loose: he giveth goodly words.

22: Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a well; whose branches run over the wall:

23: The archers have sorely grieved him, and shot at him, and hated him:

24: But his bow abode in strength, and the arms of his hands were made strong by the hands of the mighty God of Jacob; (from thence is the shepherd, the stone of Israel:)

25: Even by the God of thy father, who shall help thee; and by the Almighty, who shall bless thee with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep that lieth under, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb:

26: The blessings of thy father have prevailed above the blessings of my progenitors unto the utmost bound of the everlasting hills: they shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the crown of the head of him that was separate from his brethren.

27: Benjamin shall raven as a wolf: in the morning he shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil.

28: All these are the twelve tribes of Israel: and this is it that their father spake unto them,and blessed them; every one according to his blessing he blessed them.

29: And he charged them, and said unto them, I am to be gathered unto my people: bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite,

30: In the cave that is in the field of Machpelah, which is before Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought with the field of Ephron the Hittite for a possession of a buryingplace.

31: There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife; there they buried Isaac and Rebekah his wife; and there I buriedLeah.

32: The purchase of the field and of the cave that is therein was from the children of Heth.

33: And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons, he gathered up his feet into the bed, and yielded up the ghost, and was gathered unto his people.
Genesis 50

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